tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35880908329682000742024-03-14T03:51:53.144-04:00Linux Tech TutorialsGlenn Weberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17370210984530512865noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3588090832968200074.post-87042457216894403682013-05-05T14:46:00.000-04:002013-09-23T13:20:57.514-04:00Active Directory Integration CentOS6.3While learning how to join a linux machine to an Active Directory domain with the ability to use single sign-on I developed this script to automate the process. My environment is completely virtual utilizing XenServer 6.2 and my domain controllers are Windows Server 2008R2. This script will work for both CentOS servers as well as Desktop editions. This tutorial contains three scripts one for initial setup one for Active Directory integration and the other is to reset the system back to original should the adjoin.sh script should fail.<br />
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The adjoin.sh script assumes that you have set your hostname with a single name EX: mymachine, you have added DNS entries on your domain controller for the new machine, you have installed Identity Management for UNIX role to AD, and you have setup a static IP and set PermitRootLogin yes in sshd_config. Also make sure that you have setup a user in Active Directory and have added it to the proper administrative groups the user should have. Also create a group that will have admin privileges on the Linux machines. </div>
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Once you have your initial system setup ssh into the machine as root and create the bin directory in /root.</div>
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I prefer to use mremoteng which you can grab from <a href="http://www.mremoteng.org/">http://www.mremoteng.org/</a> or you can use putty or any other method that you like. In the /root/bin directory create two files netjoin.sh and reset.sh<br />
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If you are using these scripts to create a template only run setup.sh on the server before converting to template. You will only have to run setup.sh on the template after that all new VM's created will only need to run adjoin.sh. I usually make a directory /root/bin and then place the three scripts in that directory since it is in roots path. Also I change the permissions to 700. </div>
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#!/bin/bash<br />
## setup.sh<br />
## Server setup script for preparing VMWare template for Active Directory integration<br />
## Author: Glenn Weber<br />
## Email: engineering@bngsupport.com<br />
## Date: 05/04/2013<br />
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## This script is free to use and modify as needed I cannot guarantee that this script will work<br />
## with your setup. If the script should fail simply run the accompanying reset.sh script<br />
## You must also run the accompanying adjoin.sh to join to domain and spacewalk<br />
## I have tested this script on both centOS 6.3 and centOS 6.4<br />
## Only run this script if you are setting up a new machine or if you are creating a template to use<br />
## If you are creating a template this portion will be done and you can just run the other scripts<br />
domain_division= #ie: corp<br />
domain_name= <br />
top_domain=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>#ie: com, net, org <br />
workgrp= # NETBIOS NAME of Domain<br />
group=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> # ie: linuxadmins<br />
adm_server= # This is only needed if you have an admin server that will be used for nagios<br />
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## Converts variables to uppercase<br />
DOMAIN_DIVISION=$(echo "$domain_division" | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]')<br />
DOMAIN_NAME=$(echo "$domain_name" | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]')<br />
TOP_DOMAIN=$(echo "$top_domain" | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]')<br />
WORKGRP=$(echo "$workgrp" | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]')<br />
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## Turns off Firewall<br />
service iptables save<br />
service iptables stop<br />
chkconfig iptables off<br />
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## Disables selinux<br />
setenforce 0<br />
sed -i 's/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config<br />
sed -i 's/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/sysconfig/selinux<br />
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##Comment this section out if this is the main nagios server or you do not want to use nagios<br />
## Installs epel repository and installs nagios plugins<br />
rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm<br />
yum install nrpe nagios-plugins-all openssl -y<br />
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## Installs base software for Active directory Integration and a few other useful packages<br />
yum install nano wget ntp krb5-libs krb5-workstation krb5-server samba samba-client samba-winbind sudo bc -y<br />
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## Starts ntpd service and sets services to start at boot<br />
service ntpd start<br />
chkconfig ntpd on<br />
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## Edits /etc/krb5.conf<br />
cp /etc/krb5.conf /etc/krb5.conf.bkp<br />
sed -i "s/EXAMPLE.COM/$DOMAIN_DIVISION.$DOMAIN_NAME.$TOP_DOMAIN/g" /etc/krb5.conf<br />
sed -i 's/false/true/g' /etc/krb5.conf<br />
sed -i "s/kerberos.example.com/$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/g" /etc/krb5.conf<br />
sed -i "s/example.com/$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/g" /etc/krb5.conf<br />
sed -i "s/.example.com/.$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/g" /etc/krb5.conf<br />
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## Creates backup of /etc/pam.d directory and rewrites system-auth-ac<br />
cp -R /etc/pam.d /etc/pam.d.bkp <br />
cat > /etc/pam.d/system-auth-ac <<EOF<br />
auth required pam_env.so<br />
auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass<br />
auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 500 quiet<br />
auth sufficient pam_winbind.so use_first_pass<br />
auth required pam_deny.so<br />
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account required pam_unix.so broken_shadow<br />
account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 500 quiet<br />
account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_winbind.so<br />
account required pam_permit.so<br />
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password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3<br />
password sufficient pam_unix.so md5 shadow nullok try_first_pass<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>use_authtok<br />
password sufficient pam_winbind.so use_authtok<br />
password required pam_deny.so<br />
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session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke<br />
session optional pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel/ umask=0077<br />
session required pam_limits.so<br />
session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in crond quiet<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>use_uid<br />
session required pam_unix.so<br />
EOF<br />
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## Creates Backup copy of smb.conf<br />
cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.bkp<br />
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## Runs authconfig and adds entries to /etc/samba/smb.conf winbind section<br />
authconfig --krb5realm=$DOMAIN_DIVISION.$DOMAIN_NAME.$TOP_DOMAIN \<br />
--enablewinbind --enablewinbindauth --smbsecurity=ads --smbrealm=$DOMAIN_DIVISION.$DOMAIN_NAME.$TOP_DOMAIN \<br />
--smbidmapuid="16777216-33554431" --smbidmapgid="16777216-33554431" --winbindseparator="+" \<br />
--winbindtemplateshell="/bin/bash" --enablewinbindusedefaultdomain --enablewinbindoffline \<br />
--smbworkgroup=$WORKGRP \<br />
--winbindtemplatehomedir="/home/%U" --enablemkhomedir --disablemd5 --updateall<br />
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## Creates backup of /etc/sudoers file and appends group to sudoers file<br />
cp /etc/sudoers /etc/sudoers.bkp<br />
echo "## Allows members of the $group group to run all commands" >> /etc/sudoers<br />
echo " %$group<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> ALL=(ALL)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ALL " >> /etc/sudoers<br />
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## Adds Spacewalk Repos and clients<br />
## Comment the below section if you do not have a Spacewalk server<br />
rpm -Uvh http://yum.spacewalkproject.org/2.0-client/RHEL/6/x86_64/spacewalk-client-repo-2.0-3.el6.noarch.rpm<br />
yum install rhn-client-tools rhn-check rhn-setup rhnsd m2crypto yum-rhn-plugin osad -y<br />
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cd /usr/share/rhn<br />
wget http://$adm_server.$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/repo/RHN-ORG-TRUSTED-SSL-CERT<br />
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cd /tmp<br />
wget http://$adm_server.$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/repo/RPM-GPG-KEY-spacewalk-2012<br />
rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY-spacewalk-2012<br />
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cd /etc/sysconfig/rhn<br />
mv osad.conf osad.conf.bkp<br />
wget http://$adm_server.$domain_division. $domain_name.$top_domain/repo/osad.conf<br />
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yum clean all<br />
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#!/bin/bash<br />
## Server Active Directory integration script<br />
## adjoin.sh<br />
## Author: Glenn Weber<br />
## Email: engineering@bngsupport.com<br />
## Date: 05/04/2013<br />
domain_division=<br />
domain_name= <br />
top_domain= <br />
sw_server= <br />
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## Joins machine to domain<br />
net ads join -Uadministrator<br />
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## Restarts services<br />
service winbind restart<br />
chkconfig winbind on<br />
service smb restart<br />
chkconfig smb on<br />
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## Creates backup of /etc/sysconfig/network and sets long domain name<br />
cp /etc/sysconfig/network /etc/sysconfig/network.bkp<br />
## copies short hostname to reset.sh<br />
cat >> /root/bin/reset.sh <<EOF<br />
hostname $HOSTNAME<br />
EOF<br />
hostname $HOSTNAME.$domain_divsion.$domain_name.$top_domain<br />
sed -i "s/HOSTNAME=$HOSTNAME/HOSTNAME=$HOSTNAME.$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/g" /etc/sysconfig/network<br />
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service network restart<br />
## Turns off Root ssh Login and restarts sshd service<br />
sed -i "s/PermitRootLogin yes/PermitRootLogin no/g" /etc/ssh/sshd_config<br />
service sshd restart<br />
wbinfo -u<br />
sleep 5<br />
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## Registers machine with Spacewalk server<br />
## Comment the below section if you do not have a Spacewalk server<br />
rhnreg_ks --serverUrl=http://$sw_server.$domain_division.$domain_name.$top_domain/XMLRPC --activationkey=1-7eb473722e68584b94a75196c2c4330a && sleep 90<br />
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chkconfig osad on && service osad restart<br />
rhn-actions-control --enable-all<br />
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#!/bin/bash<br />
## reset.sh<br />
## Reset script should be run only after adjoin.sh has been run and only if the machine<br />
## fails to join the domain<br />
## Author: Glenn Weber<br />
## Email: engineering@bngsupport.com<br />
## Date: 05/04/2013<br />
## Resets all files back to original state if setup.sh and netjoin.sh scripts are unsuccessful<br />
cp /etc/krb5.conf.bkp /etc/krb5.conf <br />
rm -f /etc/krb5.conf.bkp<br />
cp /etc/samba/smb.conf.bkp /etc/samba/smb.conf<br />
rm -f /etc/samba/smb.conf.bkp<br />
cp -R /etc/pam.d.bkp /etc/pam.d<br />
rm -rf /etc/pam.d.bkp<br />
cp /etc/sudoers.bkp /etc/sudoers<br />
rm -f /etc/sudoers.bkp<br />
cp /etc/sysconfig/network.bkp /etc/sysconfig/network<br />
rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network.bkp<br />
rm -f /etc/sysconfig/rhn/osad.conf<br />
mv /etc/sysconfig/rhn/osad.conf.bkp /etc/sysconfig/rhn/osad.conf<br />
rm -f /usr/share/rhn/RHN-ORG-TRUSTED-SSL-CERT<br />
rm -f /etc/yum.repos.d/spacewalk-client-nightly.repo<br />
rm -f /etc/yum.repos.d/spacewalk-client.repo<br />
cp /etc/resolv.conf.bkp /etc/resolv.conf<br />
rm -f /etc/resolv.conf.bkp<br />
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Please feel free to leave comments if you have questions or issues getting these scripts to work for you.<br />
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Glenn Weberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17370210984530512865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3588090832968200074.post-59997716612942214632013-01-28T08:55:00.001-05:002013-01-28T08:55:21.761-05:00Web Hosting Server setup on Ubuntu server 12.04 with ISPconfig3 /Apache/Bind/Postfix/Dovecot/RoundcubeBy Glenn Weber<br />
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This guide was developed to help those of you who wish to get a better understanding of setting up a web hosting server in a Linux environment. Much of this guide is taken from the HowtoForge perfect server tutorial series. This particular tutorial covers installation for Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS and comes from <a href="http://www.howtoforge.com/perfect-server-ubuntu-12.04-lts-apache2-bind-dovecot-ispconfig-3">http://www.howtoforge.com/perfect-server-ubuntu-12.04-lts-apache2-bind-dovecot-ispconfig-3</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Before diving into the setup I would like to give special thanks to Falko Timme for developing these series of tutorials. By no means is this a replacement for his excellent work but it is rather meant to extend the capabilities and security of his setup and to consolidate the information into one location for those who have the desire to configure a similar server.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The server setup I am using for this tutorial is done in VMware ESXi 5 but can be performed on any physical machine capable of running the operating system. I also utilize two network adapters which I use for nic bonding which I will discuss in further detail.<o:p></o:p><br />
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Preliminary Notes:<o:p></o:p></div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>The first thing you will need to do is to download a copy of Ubuntu Server. You can get the 64bit version at <a href="http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/thank-you?distro=server&bits=64&release=lts">http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/thank-you?distro=server&bits=64&release=lts</a> and the 32 bit version from <a href="http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/thank-you?distro=server&bits=32&release=lts">http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/thank-you?distro=server&bits=32&release=lts</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>In this tutorial I use the hostname mail.example.com with the IP address 192.168.0.100 and the gateway 192.168.0.1. These settings might differ for you, so you have to replace them where appropriate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Determine the method of installing the base system. I am using VMware so I upload the downloaded iso to a datastore , if this is being done in virtualbox simply boot off of the iso. The other alternative if this will be installed directly to a physical machine is to burn it to cd/dvd and boot that media.<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>The following ports must be forwarded in your router to the server which you are installing this: HTTP 80, HTTPS 443, <span class="MsoHyperlink">FTP 20-21</span>, SMTP ports 25, 465, 587, IMAP ports 585, 143, ISPconfig control panel 8080, VPN-PPTP 1723 for instructions on how to forward these ports see the manual or look online for your specific router.<o:p></o:p><br />
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Insert your Ubuntu install CD into your system and boot from it. Select your language:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Then select <i>Install Ubuntu Server</i>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Choose your language again (?):<o:p></o:p></div>
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Then select your location:<o:p></o:p></div>
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If you've selected an uncommon combination of language and location (like English as the language and Germany as the location, as in my case), the installer might tell you that there is no locale defined for this combination; in this case you have to select the locale manually. I select <i>en_US.UTF-8</i> here:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Choose a keyboard layout (you will be asked to press a few keys, and the installer will try to detect your keyboard layout based on the keys you pressed):<o:p></o:p></div>
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The installer checks the installation CD, your hardware, and configures the network with DHCP if there is a DHCP server in the network:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Enter the hostname. In this example, my system is called <i>server1.example.com</i>, so I enter <i>server1</i>:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Create a user, for example the user <i>Administrator</i> with the user name <i>administrator</i> (don't use the user name <i>admin</i> as it is a reserved name on Ubuntu 12.04): <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">I don't need an encrypted private directory, so I choose </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">No</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> here:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Please check if the installer detected your time zone correctly. If so, select </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Yes</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, otherwise </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">No</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now you have to partition your hard disk. For simplicity's sake I select </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Guided - use entire disk and set up LVM</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> - this will create one volume group with two logical volumes, one for the </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> file system and another one for swap (of course, the partitioning is totally up to you - if you know what you're doing, you can also set up your partitions manually).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Select the disk that you want to partition:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">When you're asked </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Write the changes to disks and configure LVM?</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, select </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Yes</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If you have selected </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Guided - use entire disk and set up LVM</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, the partitioner will create one big volume group that uses all the disk space. You can now specify how much of that disk space should be used by the logical volumes for </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and swap. It makes sense to leave some space unused so that you can later on expand your existing logical volumes or create new ones - this gives you more flexibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">When you're finished, hit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Yes</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> when you're asked </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Write the changes to disks?</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Afterwards, your new partitions are being created and formatted:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now the base system is being installed:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Next the package manager apt gets configured. Leave the HTTP proxy line empty unless you're using a proxy server to connect to the Internet:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">I'm a little bit old-fashioned and like to update my servers manually to have more control, therefore I select </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">No automatic updates</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">. Of course, it's up to you what you select here:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">We need a DNS, mail, and LAMP server, but nevertheless I don't select any of them now because I like to have full control over what gets installed on my system. We will install the needed packages manually later on. The only item I select here is </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">OpenSSH server</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> so that I can immediately connect to the system with an SSH client such as</span><a href="http://chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #003399; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">PuTTY</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> after the installation has finished:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The installation continues:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The GRUB boot loader gets installed:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Select </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Yes</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> when you are asked </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Install the GRUB boot loader to the master boot record?</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The base system installation is now finished. Remove the installation CD from the CD drive and hit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Continue</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> to reboot the system:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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After the reboot you can login with your previously created username (e.g. <i>administrator</i>). Because we must run all the steps from this tutorial with root privileges, we can either prepend all commands in this tutorial with the string <i>sudo</i>, or we become root right now by typing<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>sudo su<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">7 Configure The Network<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Because the Ubuntu installer has configured our system to get its network settings via DHCP, we have to change that now because a server should have a static IP address. Edit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/network/interfaces </span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">and adjust it to your needs (in this example setup I will use the IP address </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">192.168.0.100</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and the DNS servers </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">8.8.8.8</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">8.8.4.4</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/network/interfaces<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># This file describes the network interfaces available on your system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># The loopback network interface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">auto lo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">iface lo inet loopback<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># The primary network interface<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">auto eth0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">iface eth0 inet static<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> address 192.168.0.100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> netmask 255.255.255.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> network 192.168.0.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> broadcast 192.168.0.255<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> gateway 192.168.0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then restart your network:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/networking restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then edit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/hosts</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">. Make it look like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/hosts<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">192.168.0.100 server1.example.com server1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">fe00::0 ip6-localnet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">ff02::1 ip6-allnodes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">ff02::2 ip6-allrouters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">echo server1.example.com > /etc/hostname<br />/etc/init.d/hostname restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Afterwards, run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">hostname<br />hostname -f<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Both should show </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">server1.example.com</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">8 Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config and change the port and disable root login<o:p></o:p></div>
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Port 22203<o:p></o:p></div>
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PermitRootLogin no<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">9 Change the Default Shell<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="system"><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/bin/sh</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">is a symlink to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="system"><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/bin/dash</span></i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, however we need<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="system"><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/bin/bash</span></i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, not<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="system"><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/bin/dash</span></i></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">. Therefore we do this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">dpkg-reconfigure dash<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span class="system"><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Use dash as the default system shell (/bin/sh)?</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span></span><span class="highlight"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- No</span></u></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If you don't do this, the ISPConfig installation will fail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">10 Synchronize the System Clock<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">It is a good idea to synchronize the system clock with an NTP (<strong>n</strong>etwork<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>t</strong>ime<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>p</strong>rotocol) server over the Internet. Simply run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="command" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install ntp ntpdate<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">and your system time will always be in sync.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">11 Edit Update your system and reboot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<div class="command" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get update<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">to update the apt package database and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="command" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get upgrade<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">to install the latest updates (if there are any). If you see that a new kernel gets installed as part of the updates, you should reboot the system afterwards:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="command" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin: 0in 0in 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">reboot<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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After reboot you should now be able to login via ssh with Putty, which can be downloaded from <a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html">http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html</a> . Remember to use the correct port that you configured in /etc/ssh/sshd_config<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">12 Disable AppArmor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">AppArmor is a security extension (similar to SELinux) that should provide extended security. In my opinion you don't need it to configure a secure system, and it usually causes more problems than advantages (think of it after you have done a week of trouble-shooting because some service wasn't working as expected, and then you find out that everything was ok, only AppArmor was causing the problem). Therefore I disable it (this is a must if you want to install ISPConfig later on).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">We can disable it like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/apparmor stop<br />update-rc.d -f apparmor remove<br />apt-get remove apparmor apparmor-utils<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">13 Install Postfix, Dovecot, MySQL, phpMyAdmin, rkhunter, binutils<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">We can install Postfix, Dovecot, MySQL, rkhunter, and binutils with a single command:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install postfix postfix-mysql postfix-doc mysql-client mysql-server openssl getmail4 rkhunter binutils dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-mysql dovecot-sieve sudo<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">You will be asked the following questions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">New password for the MySQL "root" user:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- yourrootsqlpassword</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Repeat password for the MySQL "root" user:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- yourrootsqlpassword</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">General type of mail configuration:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Internet Site</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">System mail name:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- server1.example.com</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Next open the TLS/SSL and submission ports in Postfix:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/postfix/master.cf<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Uncomment the </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">submission</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">smtps</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> sections (leave </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">-o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> as we don't need it):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt inset black; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div style="background-color: #efefef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">submission inet n - - - - smtpd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o syslog_name=postfix/submission<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">smtps inet n - - - - smtpd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"> -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Restart Postfix afterwards:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/postfix restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">We want MySQL to listen on all interfaces, not just localhost, therefore we edit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/mysql/my.cnf</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and comment out the line </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">bind-address = 127.0.0.1</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">vi /etc/mysql/my.cnf<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt inset black; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div style="background-color: #efefef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">#bind-address = 127.0.0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then we restart MySQL:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/mysql restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now check that networking is enabled. Run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">netstat -tap | grep mysql<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The output should look like this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">root@server1:~# netstat -tap | grep mysql<br />tcp 0 0 *:mysql *:* LISTEN 21298/mysqld<br />root@server1:~#<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">14 Install Amavisd-new, SpamAssassin, And Clamav<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">To install amavisd-new, SpamAssassin, and ClamAV, we run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install amavisd-new spamassassin clamav clamav-daemon zoo unzip bzip2 arj nomarch lzop cabextract apt-listchanges libnet-ldap-perl libauthen-sasl-perl clamav-docs daemon libio-string-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libnet-ident-perl zip libnet-dns-perl<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The ISPConfig 3 setup uses amavisd which loads the SpamAssassin filter library internally, so we can stop SpamAssassin to free up some RAM:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/spamassassin stop<br />update-rc.d -f spamassassin remove<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">15 Install Apache2, PHP5, phpMyAdmin, FCGI, suExec, Pear, And mcrypt<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Apache2, PHP5, phpMyAdmin, FCGI, suExec, Pear, and mcrypt can be installed as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install apache2 apache2.2-common apache2-doc apache2-mpm-prefork apache2-utils libexpat1 ssl-cert libapache2-mod-php5 php5 php5-common php5-gd php5-mysql php5-imap phpmyadmin php5-cli php5-cgi libapache2-mod-fcgid apache2-suexec php-pear php-auth php5-curl php5-mcrypt mcrypt php5-imagick imagemagick libapache2-mod-suphp libruby libapache2-mod-ruby libapache2-mod-python libapache2-mod-perl2<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">You will see the following question:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Web server to reconfigure automatically:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- apache2</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Configure database for phpmyadmin with dbconfig-common?</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- No</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then run the following command to enable the Apache modules </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">suexec</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">rewrite</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">ssl</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">actions</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">include</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> (plus </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">dav</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">dav_fs</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, and </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">auth_digest</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> if you want to use WebDAV):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">a2enmod suexec rewrite ssl actions include<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">a2enmod dav_fs dav auth_digest<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Restart Apache afterwards:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/apache2 restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">15.1Xcache<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Xcache is a free and open PHP opcode cacher for caching and optimizing PHP intermediate code. It's similar to other PHP opcode cachers, such as eAccelerator and APC. It is strongly recommended to have one of these installed to speed up your PHP page.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Xcache can be installed as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install php5-xcache<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now restart Apache:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/apache2 restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">15.2 PHP-FPM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Starting with the upcoming ISPConfig 3.0.5, there will be an additional PHP mode that you can select for usage with Apache: PHP-FPM. If you plan to use this PHP mode, it makes sense to configure your system for it now so that later on when you upgrade to ISPConfig 3.0.5, your system is prepared (the latest ISPConfig version at the time of this writing is ISPConfig 3.0.4.4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">To use PHP-FPM with Apache, we need the mod_fastcgi Apache module (please don't mix this up with mod_fcgid - they are very similar, but you cannot use PHP-FPM with mod_fcgid). We can install PHP-FPM and mod_fastcgi as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install libapache2-mod-fastcgi php5-fpm<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Make sure you enable the module and restart Apache:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">a2enmod actions fastcgi alias<br />/etc/init.d/apache2 restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">16 Install PureFTPd And Quota<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">PureFTPd and quota can be installed with the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install pure-ftpd-common pure-ftpd-mysql quota quotatool<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Edit the file </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/default/pure-ftpd-common</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/default/pure-ftpd-common<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">... and make sure that the start mode is set to </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">standalone</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and set </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">VIRTUALCHROOT=true</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">STANDALONE_OR_INETD=standalone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">VIRTUALCHROOT=true<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now we configure PureFTPd to allow FTP and TLS sessions. FTP is a very insecure protocol because all passwords and all data are transferred in clear text. By using TLS, the whole communication can be encrypted, thus making FTP much more secure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If you want to allow FTP and TLS sessions, run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">echo 1 > /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/TLS<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">In order to use TLS, we must create an SSL certificate. I create it in </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/ssl/private/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, therefore I create that directory first:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">mkdir -p /etc/ssl/private/<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Afterwards, we can generate the SSL certificate as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 7300 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem -out /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter your Country Name (e.g., "DE").</span></u><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter your State or Province Name.</span></u><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />Locality Name (eg, city) []: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter your City.</span></u><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter your Organization Name (e.g., the name of your company).</span></u><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter your Organizational Unit Name (e.g. "IT Department").</span></u><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name of the system (e.g. "server1.example.com").</span></u><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;"><br />Email Address []: </span></i><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- Enter your Email Address.</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Change the permissions of the SSL certificate:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">chmod 600 /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then restart PureFTPd:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd-mysql restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Edit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/fstab</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">. Mine looks like this (I added </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">,usrjquota=quota.user,grpjquota=quota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> to the partition with the mount point </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/fstab<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># /etc/fstab: static file system information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">#<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">#<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/mapper/server1-root / ext4 errors=remount-ro,usrjquota=quota.user,grpjquota=quota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0 0 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">UUID=4b58d345-1c55-4ac5-940e-7245938656a6 /boot ext2 defaults 0 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/mapper/server1-swap_1 none swap sw 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">/dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">To enable quota, run these commands:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">mount -o remount /<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">quotacheck -avugm<br />quotaon -avug<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">17 Install BIND DNS Server<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">BIND can be installed as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install bind9 dnsutils<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">18 Install Vlogger, Webalizer, And AWstats<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Vlogger, webalizer, and AWstats can be installed as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install vlogger webalizer awstats geoip-database libclass-dbi-mysql-perl<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Open </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/cron.d/awstats</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> afterwards...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/cron.d/awstats<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">... and comment out everything in that file:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt inset black; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div style="background-color: #efefef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">#MAILTO=root<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">#*/10 * * * * www-data [ -x /usr/share/awstats/tools/update.sh ] && /usr/share/awstats/tools/update.sh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;"># Generate static reports:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">#10 03 * * * www-data [ -x /usr/share/awstats/tools/buildstatic.sh ] && /usr/share/awstats/tools/buildstatic.sh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">19 Install Jailkit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Jailkit is needed only if you want to chroot SSH users. It can be installed as follows (</span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">important: Jailkit must be installed before ISPConfig - it cannot be installed afterwards!</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake1.9 libtool flex bison debhelper binutils-gold<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">cd /tmp<br />wget http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/jailkit-2.14.tar.gz<br />tar xvfz jailkit-2.14.tar.gz<br />cd jailkit-2.14<br />./debian/rules binary<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">You can now install the Jailkit </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">.deb</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> package as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">cd ..<br />dpkg -i jailkit_2.14-1_*.deb<br />rm -rf jailkit-2.14*<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">20 Install fail2ban<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">This is optional but recommended, because the ISPConfig monitor tries to show the log:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">apt-get install fail2ban<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">To make fail2ban monitor PureFTPd and Dovecot, create the file </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/fail2ban/jail.local</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div align="center">
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt inset black; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div style="background-color: #efefef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[pureftpd]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">enabled = true<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">port = ftp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">filter = pureftpd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">logpath = /var/log/syslog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">maxretry = 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[dovecot-pop3imap]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">enabled = true<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">filter = dovecot-pop3imap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">action = iptables-multiport[name=dovecot-pop3imap, port="pop3,pop3s,imap,imaps", protocol=tcp]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">logpath = /var/log/mail.log<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">maxretry = 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then create the following two filter files:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/pureftpd.conf<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div align="center">
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt inset black; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div style="background-color: #efefef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[Definition]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">failregex = .*pure-ftpd: \(.*@<HOST>\) \[WARNING\] Authentication failed for user.*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">ignoreregex =<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/dovecot-pop3imap.conf<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt inset black; padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div style="background-color: #efefef; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">[Definition]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">failregex = (?: pop3-login|imap-login): .*(?:Authentication failure|Aborted login \(auth failed|Aborted login \(tried to use disabled|Disconnected \(auth failed|Aborted login \(\d+ authentication attempts).*rip=(?P<host>\S*),.*<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt;">ignoreregex =<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Restart fail2ban afterwards:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/init.d/fail2ban restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">21 Install ISPConfig 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">To install ISPConfig 3 from the latest released version, do this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">cd /tmp<br />wget http://www.ispconfig.org/downloads/ISPConfig-3-stable.tar.gz<br />tar xfz ISPConfig-3-stable.tar.gz<br />cd ispconfig3_install/install/<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The next step is to run<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">php -q install.php<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">This will start the ISPConfig 3 installer. The installer will configure all services like Postfix, Dovecot, etc. for you. A manual setup as required for ISPConfig 2 (perfect setup guides) is not necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">root@server1:/tmp/ispconfig3_install/install# php -q install.php<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /> _____ ___________ _____ __ _ ____<br />|_ _/ ___| ___ \ / __ \ / _(_) /__ \<br /> | | \ `--.| |_/ / | / \/ ___ _ __ | |_ _ __ _ _/ /<br /> | | `--. \ __/ | | / _ \| '_ \| _| |/ _` | |_ |<br /> _| |_/\__/ / | | \__/\ (_) | | | | | | | (_| | ___\ \<br /> \___/\____/\_| \____/\___/|_| |_|_| |_|\__, | \____/<br /> __/ |<br /> |___/<br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br /><br />>> Initial configuration<br /><br />Operating System: Debian or compatible, unknown version.<br /><br /> Following will be a few questions for primary configuration so be careful.<br /> Default values are in [brackets] and can be accepted with <ENTER>.<br /> Tap in "quit" (without the quotes) to stop the installer.<br /><br /><br />Select language (en,de) [en]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Installation mode (standard,expert) [standard]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Full qualified hostname (FQDN) of the server, eg server1.domain.tld [server1.example.com]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">MySQL server hostname [localhost]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">MySQL root username [root]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">MySQL root password []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- yourrootsqlpassword</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">MySQL database to create [dbispconfig]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">MySQL charset [utf8]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key<br />...........+++<br />.....................+++<br />writing new private key to 'smtpd.key'<br />-----<br />You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated<br />into your certificate request.<br />What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.<br />There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank<br />For some fields there will be a default value,<br />If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.<br />-----<br />Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Locality Name (eg, city) []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Email Address []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Configuring Jailkit<br />Configuring Dovecot<br />Configuring Spamassassin<br />Configuring Amavisd<br />Configuring Getmail<br />Configuring Pureftpd<br />Configuring BIND<br />Configuring Apache<br />Configuring Vlogger<br />Configuring Apps vhost<br />Configuring Bastille Firewall<br />Configuring Fail2ban<br />Installing ISPConfig<br />ISPConfig Port [8080]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Do you want a secure (SSL) connection to the ISPConfig web interface (y,n) [y]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus<br />.......++<br />.........................................................++<br />e is 65537 (0x10001)<br />You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated<br />into your certificate request.<br />What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.<br />There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank<br />For some fields there will be a default value,<br />If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.<br />-----<br />Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Locality Name (eg, city) []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Email Address []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Please enter the following 'extra' attributes<br />to be sent with your certificate request<br />A challenge password []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">An optional company name []:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><-- ENTER</span></u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">writing RSA key<br />Configuring DBServer<br />Installing ISPConfig crontab<br />no crontab for root<br />no crontab for getmail<br />Restarting services ...<br />Rather than invoking init scripts through /etc/init.d, use the service(8)<br />utility, e.g. service mysql restart<br /><br />Since the script you are attempting to invoke has been converted to an<br />Upstart job, you may also use the stop(8) and then start(8) utilities,<br />e.g. stop mysql ; start mysql. The restart(8) utility is also available.<br />mysql stop/waiting<br />mysql start/running, process 2543<br /> * Stopping Postfix Mail Transport Agent postfix<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br /> ...done.<br /> * Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent postfix<br />postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br />/usr/sbin/postconf: warning: /etc/postfix/master.cf: unused parameter: smtpd_bind_address=127.0.0.1<br /> ...done.<br />Stopping amavisd: (not running).<br />The amavisd daemon is already running, PID: [1126]<br />Starting amavisd: (failed).<br /> * Stopping ClamAV daemon clamd<br /> ...done.<br /> * Starting ClamAV daemon clamd<br /> ...done.<br />Rather than invoking init scripts through /etc/init.d, use the service(8)<br />utility, e.g. service dovecot restart<br /><br />Since the script you are attempting to invoke has been converted to an<br />Upstart job, you may also use the stop(8) and then start(8) utilities,<br />e.g. stop dovecot ; start dovecot. The restart(8) utility is also available.<br />dovecot stop/waiting<br />dovecot start/running, process 3668<br /> * Restarting Mailman master qrunner mailmanctl<br /> * Waiting...<br /> ...done.<br /> ...done.<br /> * Restarting web server apache2<br /> ... waiting . ...done.<br />Restarting ftp server: Running: /usr/sbin/pure-ftpd-mysql-virtualchroot -l mysql:/etc/pure-ftpd/db/mysql.conf -l pam -E -H -Y 1 -O clf:/var/log/pure-ftpd/transfer.log -8 UTF-8 -b -D -A -u 1000 -B<br />Installation completed.<br />root@server1:/tmp/ispconfig3_install/install#</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The installer automatically configures all underlying services, so no manual configuration is needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">You now also have the possibility to let the installer create an SSL vhost for the ISPConfig control panel, so that ISPConfig can be accessed using </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">https://</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> instead of</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">http://</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">. To achieve this, just press </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">ENTER</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> when you see this question: </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">Do you want a secure (SSL) connection to the ISPConfig web interface (y,n) [y]:</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Afterwards you can access ISPConfig 3 under </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">http(s)://server1.example.com:8080/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> or </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">http(s)://192.168.0.100:8080/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> ( http or https depends on what you chose during installation). Log in with the username </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">admin</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and the password </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">admin</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> (you should change the default password after your first login):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The system is now ready to be used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22 Install Roundcube webmail<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22.1 Download and extract RoundCube<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">First we make a folder for the webmail and change directory:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">mkdir /var/www/webmail/<br />cd /var/www/<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then we download the latest stable version of RoundCube from </span><a href="http://www.roundcube.net/download" target="_blank"><span style="color: #003399; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">http://www.roundcube.net/download</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and extract it:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/roundcubemail/files/roundcubemail/0.8.4/roundcubemail-0.8.4.tar.gz<br />tar xfz roundcubemail-0.8.4.tar.gz<br />mv roundcubemail-0.8.4/* webmail<br />rm roundcubemail-0.8.4.tar.gz<br />rm -rf roundcubemail-0.8.4<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then we change directory and give some permissions to the /logs and /temp directories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">cd webmail<br />chown -R www-data:www-data temp/ logs/<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22.2 Prepare the database<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now we want to add a user and database for our RoundCube installation. With MySQL you can set up the database by issuing the following commands:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">CREATE DATABASE roundcubemail;<br />GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON roundcubemail.* TO roundcubeuser@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password';<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">(Of course, you have to replace the database, username and password accordingly.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Then we want to flush the users privileges or you will get a database connection error:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">FLUSH PRIVILEGES;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22.3 Configuring RoundCube<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now point your browser to </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">http://url-to-roundcube/installer/</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and follow the instructions to start the installation of RoundCube. The first page shows the requirements, if everything is okay click "START INSTALLATION". The installer checks if everything is there. In case you see some red NOT OK messages, you need to install or enable something. Follow the links to see what has to be done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If everything checks out fine you are ready to create the configuration files, click "NEXT" to get there. Get through the form and change the settings according to your needs. Do not forget to enter the database setting that we made earlier within the "Database Setup" section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If there are red Not OK messages then you will need to configure them before you can proceed with the configuration. Most likely the NOT OK messages will pertain to issues with php. You will need to edit /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini and make the necessary changes. One common NOT OK message that may show up pertains to date.timezone. in /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini you will have to uncomment this line and set it similar but with your timezone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">date.timezone ='America/New_York'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">After all necessary changes are made restart apache /etc/init.d/apache2 restart and then reload the roundcube configuration page. If all problems are resolved it will show no red NOT OK messages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">When you are finished hit the "CREATE CONFIG" button and you will get two text boxes with the information for </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">main.inc.php</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">db.inc.php</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> that you must create in your</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/config</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> directory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Finally click "CONTINUE" and get to the last step of the installation process. Your configuration will now be verified and tested against your webserver. Click "Initialize database" to create the necessary tables in your database.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If there are no red NOT OK messages, you can also try to send a mail in order to test the SMTP settings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Last but not least you have to remove the whole installer directory from the webserver. If this remains active it can expose the configuration including passwords. We do this with the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">rm -rf /var/www/webmail/installer<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22.4 Adding aliases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">For everyone to be able to access his webmail (under his domain name) you have to create or edit the file </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">/etc/apache2/conf.d/roundcube.conf</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> and add the alias "/webmail" and some more information about the directories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 9pt;">In my case, I have only made this with a redirect to the default domain of the ISPConfig 3 installation with SSL for security and valid verifications<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/roundcube.conf<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #efefef; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"># RoundCube alias and redirect functions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">Alias /webmail /var/www/webmail<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"><Directory /var/www/webmail><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Options +FollowSymLinks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> # This is needed to parse /var/www/webmail/.htaccess. See its<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> # content before setting AllowOverride to None.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> AllowOverride All<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> order allow,deny<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> allow from all<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"></Directory><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"># Protecting basic directories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"><Directory /var/www/webmail/config><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Options -FollowSymLinks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> AllowOverride None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"></Directory><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"><Directory /var/www/webmail/temp><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Options -FollowSymLinks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> AllowOverride None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Order allow,deny<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Deny from all<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"></Directory><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"><Directory /var/www/webmail/logs><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Options -FollowSymLinks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> AllowOverride None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Order allow,deny<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Deny from all<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"></Directory><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"><IfModule mod_rewrite.c><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> <IfModule mod_ssl.c><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> <Location /webmail><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> RewriteEngine on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !^on$ [NC]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> RewriteRule . https://www.yourdomain.com:8080/webmail/ [L]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </Location><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </IfModule><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;"></IfModule><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">If you want to access the webmail with every domain without SSL you can just remove/comment out the mod_rewrite section. This might give you some errors, please look the following page (troubleshooting) for possible solutions </span><a href="http://trac.roundcube.net/wiki/Howto_Install" target="_blank"><span style="color: #003399; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">http://trac.roundcube.net/wiki/Howto_Install</span></a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22.5 Final tweaks<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">We want to make some final tweeks in RoundCube by changing the following lines in </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">main.inc.php</span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); padding: 12pt;">
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt;">nano /var/www/webmail/config/main.inc.php<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #efefef; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['message_cache_lifetime'] = '10d';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['default_host'] = '';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['smtp_server'] = '';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['session_lifetime'] = 10;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['create_default_folders'] = FALSE;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #efefef; border: 1pt inset; padding: 5pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['message_cache_lifetime'] = '30m';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['default_host'] = 'localhost';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['smtp_server'] = '%h';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['session_lifetime'] = 30;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">$rcmail_config['create_default_folders'] = TRUE;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 13.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now go to http://www.yourdomain.com/webmail to access the newly created webmail interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">22.6 Installing and configuring the password plugin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Installing the password plugin allows the users to change their password within the roundcube web email interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. enable it (plugin password)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: #ebebeb; border: 1pt dashed rgb(255, 170, 85); padding: 5pt;">
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> cd /var/www/roundcube/config<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> nano main.inc.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">$rcmail_config['plugins'] = array('password');<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">2. Configure it<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The database, username, and password that needs to be entered into the $rcmail_config[‘password_db_dsn’] line can be located in /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/lib/config.inc.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> cd /var/www/roundcube/plugins/password<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> cp config.inc.php.dist config.inc.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> vim config.inc.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">$rcmail_config['password_driver'] = 'sql';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">$rcmail_config['password_db_dsn'] = 'mysql://ispconfig:$PASSWORD@localhost/dbispconfig';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">$rcmail_config['password_query'] = 'UPDATE mail_user SET password=%c WHERE email=%u LIMIT 1';<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.5pt;">[...]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">3. Restart apache<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">/etc/init.d/apache2 restart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #6d6d6d; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">After restarting apache login to the roundcube web email and click on settings. You should now see Password listed on the left. Click password and you will be taken to a page that asks for current password and then you must enter new password twice click save. It should say that the save was successful. This has been tested with roundcube-0.8.4 and confirmed to work. I have also tested it with roundcube-0.8.5 and currently is this setup is not working correctly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 2pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">23 Securing our Ubuntu Server<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 19pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">23.1 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Secure shared memory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">/dev/shm</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> can be used in an attack against a running service, such as httpd. Modify <b>/etc/fstab</b> to make it more secure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open a Terminal Window and enter the following :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/fstab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Add the following line and save. You will need to reboot for this setting to take effect :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,noexec,nosuid 0 0</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">23.2 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Protect su by limiting access only to admin group.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">To limit the use of <b>su</b> by admin users only we need to create an admin group, then add users and limit the use of su to the admin group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Add a admin group to the system and add your own admin username to the group by replacing <YOUR ADMIN USERNAME> below with your admin username.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open a terminal window and enter:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo groupadd admin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo usermod -a -G admin <YOUR ADMIN USERNAME><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo dpkg-statoverride --update --add root admin 4750 /bin/su</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">23.3 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Harden network with sysctl settings.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Edit the<b> /etc/sysctl.conf </b>file to read as follows :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
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# /etc/sysctl.conf - Configuration file for setting system variables<o:p></o:p></div>
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# See /etc/sysctl.d/ for additional system variables<o:p></o:p></div>
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# See sysctl.conf (5) for information.<o:p></o:p></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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#kernel.domainname = example.com<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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# Uncomment the following to stop low-level messages on console<o:p></o:p></div>
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#kernel.printk = 3 4 1 3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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##############################################################3<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Functions previously found in netbase<o:p></o:p></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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# Uncomment the next two lines to enable Spoof protection (reverse-path filter)<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Turn on Source Address Verification in all interfaces to<o:p></o:p></div>
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# prevent some spoofing attacks<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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# Uncomment the next line to enable TCP/IP SYN cookies<o:p></o:p></div>
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# See http://lwn.net/Articles/277146/<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Note: This may impact IPv6 TCP sessions too<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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# Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv4<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.ip_forward=1<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv6<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Enabling this option disables Stateless Address Autoconfiguration<o:p></o:p></div>
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# based on Router Advertisements for this host<o:p></o:p></div>
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#net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
###################################################################<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Additional settings - these settings can improve the network<o:p></o:p></div>
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# security of the host and prevent against some network attacks<o:p></o:p></div>
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# including spoofing attacks and man in the middle attacks through<o:p></o:p></div>
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# redirection. Some network environments, however, require that these<o:p></o:p></div>
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# settings are disabled so review and enable them as needed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Do not accept ICMP redirects (prevent MITM attacks)<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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# _or_<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Accept ICMP redirects only for gateways listed in our default<o:p></o:p></div>
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# gateway list (enabled by default)<o:p></o:p></div>
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# net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
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# Do not send ICMP redirects (we are not a router)<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
#<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
# Do not accept IP source route packets (we are not a router)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0<o:p></o:p></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
# Log Martian Packets<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1<o:p></o:p></div>
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#<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">To <b>reload sysctl </b>with the latest changes, enter:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo sysctl -p</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">23.4 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Disable Open DNS Recursion – BIND DNS Server.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open a Terminal and enter the following :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Add the following to the <b>Options</b> section :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">recursion no;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Restart BIND DNS server. Open a Terminal and enter the following :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo /etc/init.d/bind9 restart</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">23.5 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Prevent IP Spoofing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open a Terminal and enter the following :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/host.conf</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Add or edit the following lines :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">order bind,hosts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">nospoof on</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">23.6 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Harden PHP for security<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Edit the php.ini file :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Add or edit the following lines :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">disable_functions = exec,system,shell_exec,passthru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">register_globals = Off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">expose_php = Off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">magic_quotes_gpc = On</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">23.7 </span></b><b><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Web Application Firewall-ModSecurity and ModEvasive<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">1. <b>Install</b> <b>ModSecurity</b> on your server.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Install the dependencies. Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxml2-utils</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo apt-get install libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dev</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">64bit users please note </span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">- Because of </span><a href="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=670248" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1c6ea0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">this bug</span></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> you need to create a symbolic link to<b> libxml2.so.2</b> or the installation will report the file missing and fail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxml2.so.2 /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Now install ModSecurity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo apt-get install libapache-mod-security</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">2. <b>Configure</b> ModSecurity <b>rules</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Activate the recommended default rules to get things going. Configure as needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo mv /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf-recommended /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The default folder for ModSecurity rules is <b>/etc/modsecurity/ . </b>All <b>.conf</b> files will be included and need to be configured as required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">We need to activate all the <b>base rules</b> and make sure they also get loaded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">You might want to edit the <b>SecRequestBodyLimit</b> option in the<b> modsecurity.conf</b> file.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">SecRequestBodyLimit</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> limits the page request size and limits file uploads to <b>128 KB</b> by default. Change this to the size of files you would accept uploaded to the server.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">This settings is very important as it limits the size of all files that can be uploaded to the server. For CMS sites using<b> Drupal or Wordpress</b> this setting is the source of much pain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">First activate the rules by editing the <b>SecRuleEngine</b> option and set to On.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">SecRuleEngine On</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Edit the following to option to<b> increase the request limit to 16 MB</b> and save the file :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">SecRequestBodyLimit 16384000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">SecRequestBodyInMemoryLimit 16384000</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c6ea0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">3. Download and install the latest <b>OWASP Core Rule Set</b></span><span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 19pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">We need to download and install the latest </span><a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_ModSecurity_Core_Rule_Set_Project" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1c6ea0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set</span></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> from the project website<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">We will also activate the default CRS config file <b>modsecurity_crs_10_setup.conf.example</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">cd /tmp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">sudo wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/mod-security/modsecurity-crs/0-CURRENT/modsecurity-crs_2.2.5.tar.gz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">sudo tar -zxvf modsecurity-crs_2.2.5.tar.gz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">sudo cp -R modsecurity-crs_2.2.5/* /etc/modsecurity/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">sudo rm modsecurity-crs_2.2.5.tar.gz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">sudo rm -R modsecurity-crs_2.2.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;">sudo mv /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity_crs_10_setup.conf.example /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity_crs_10_setup.conf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Now we create symbolic links to all activated base rules. Open a terminal window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">cd /etc/modsecurity/base_rules</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">for f in * ; do sudo ln -s /etc/modsecurity/base_rules/$f /etc/modsecurity/activated_rules/$f ; done<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">cd /etc/modsecurity/optional_rules</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">for f in * ; do sudo ln -s /etc/modsecurity/optional_rules/$f /etc/modsecurity/activated_rules/$f ; done </span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Now add these rules to Apache2. Open a terminal window and enter:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/mod-security.conf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Add the following to towards the end of the file with other includes and save the file :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">Include "/etc/modsecurity/activated_rules/*.conf"</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">4. <b>Check</b> if ModSecurity is <b>enabled and restart</b> Apache.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Before restarting Apache2 check if the modules has been loaded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo a2enmod headers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo a2enmod mod-security</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin: 0in 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Then restart the Apache2 webserver :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo /etc/init.d apache2 restart</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">OR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">service apache2 restart</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">5. Install <b>ModEvasive</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-evasive</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">6. <b>Create log</b> file directory for mod_evasive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo mkdir /var/log/mod_evasive</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Change the log folder permissions :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/log/mod_evasive/</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">7. Create <b>mod-evasive.conf </b>file and configure ModEvasive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/mod-evasive.conf</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin: 0in 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">and add the following, changing the email value, and other options below as required :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"><ifmodule mod_evasive20.c><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSHashTableSize 3097<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSPageCount 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSSiteCount 50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSPageInterval 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSSiteInterval 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSBlockingPeriod 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSLogDir /var/log/mod_evasive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSEmailNotify EMAIL@DOMAIN.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> DOSWhitelist 127.0.0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;"></ifmodule></span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">8. <b>Check</b> if ModEvasive is <b>enabled and restart</b> Apache.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Before restarting Apache2 check if the module has been loaded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Open the Terminal Window and enter :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo a2enmod mod-evasive</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Then restart the Apache2 webserver :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10.5pt;">sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart</span><span style="font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono'; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">There is one exception that needs to be made as modsecurity will cause phpmyadmin to fail with different tasks such as logging in. There may be another more secure workaround for this but it was the only way that I could find that would allow phpmyadmin to work correctly. If anyone has the correct fix for this please post a comment on this matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">Edit /etc/apache2/conf.d/phpmyadmin.conf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/phpmyadmin.conf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;">You will need to add <b>SecRuleEngine Off</b> to the first directory section as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"><Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> Options FollowSymLinks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> DirectoryIndex index.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> <span style="background-color: yellow;">SecRuleEngine Off</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> <IfModule mod_php5.c><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> AddType application/x-httpd-php .php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_flag magic_quotes_gpc Off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_flag track_vars On<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_flag register_globals Off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_admin_flag allow_url_fopen Off<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_value include_path .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_admin_value upload_tmp_dir /var/lib/phpmyadmin/tmp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> php_admin_value open_basedir /usr/share/phpmyadmin/:/etc/phpmyadmi$<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"> </IfModule><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #5e5247; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 16px;"></Directory><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">24 Configuring daily/weekly/monthly server backups with Rsync<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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For my setup I have a 2TB external USB hard drive formatted as ext4. The reason behind this is that Rsync will not be able to preserve permissions, symbolic links or owners for files or directories if it is not backed up to a ext4 partition. You could backup to an NTFS drive but you would lose all permissions, symbolic links and owners for files and directories.<o:p></o:p></div>
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If you have an external USB hard drive the easiest way to format it from a windows machine is to use MiniTool Partition Wizard, which can be downloaded at <a href="http://download.cnet.com/MiniTool-Partition-Wizard-Home-Edition/3001-2094_4-10962200.html?spi=109ba3d834f92183390798338fec097d">http://download.cnet.com/MiniTool-Partition-Wizard-Home-Edition/3001-2094_4-10962200.html?spi=109ba3d834f92183390798338fec097d</a> It is fairly easy to use and self-explanatory. If you have any questions please leave a comment and I will give you further instructions on how to use it to format the external drive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Once you have a formatted USB drive we need to mount it so that it can be utilized.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We can check to see if it is mounted by running the command fdisk –l on my system it shows up as /dev/sdb1<o:p></o:p></div>
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I then run the command : df –h which shows me the partition tables and I can see that /dev/sdb1 is correct and showing the correct amount of space.<o:p></o:p></div>
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# df -h<o:p></o:p></div>
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Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on<o:p></o:p></div>
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/dev/mapper/mail-root 1.4T 2.5G 1.3T 1% /<o:p></o:p></div>
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udev 6.9G 4.0K 6.9G 1% /dev<o:p></o:p></div>
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tmpfs 2.8G 352K 2.8G 1% /run<o:p></o:p></div>
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none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock<o:p></o:p></div>
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tmpfs 6.9G 0 6.9G 0% /run/shm<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">/dev/sdb1 1.8T 2.1G 1.7T 1% /mnt</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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/dev/sda1 228M 47M 169M 22% /boot<o:p></o:p></div>
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When all of that is in place you will need to create some directories for backing up to.<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Run the command: mkdir /mnt/Backups<o:p></o:p><br />
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Then you will need to edit /etc/fstab<o:p></o:p></div>
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nano /etc/fstab<o:p></o:p></div>
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add the entry /dev/sdb1 /mnt/Backups auto<o:p></o:p></div>
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save the file and then run mount -a<o:p></o:p><br />
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Next we need to create a few more directories since this drive will be used for server backups as well as database backups<o:p></o:p></div>
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mkdir /mnt/Backups/server_backups/daily<o:p></o:p></div>
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mkdir /mnt/Backups/server_backups/weekly<o:p></o:p></div>
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mkdir /mnt/Backups/server_backups/monthly<o:p></o:p></div>
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mkdir /mnt/Backups/mysql_backups<o:p></o:p></div>
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You are now ready to schedule the backups through cron so they can run automated.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Run the following command: crontab –e make a choice of editor you wish to use. I prefer nano.<o:p></o:p><br />
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #444444; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Warning:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #444444; font-family: "Georgia","serif";"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #444444; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">When using the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>–delete flag</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>be sure to check your command twice. If you reverse the source with the destination you will sync your data with an empty folder. You will be left with two empty folders! The –delete flag helps to insure that files that don’t exist either on the source or in the backups get removed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #444444; font-family: "Georgia","serif";">An example is $ rsync –av /path/to/source /mnt/Backups/server_backups/daily<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The following is a breakdown of the scheduling for those of you who are not familiar with cron.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">* * * * * command to be executed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">┬ ┬ ┬ ┬ ┬<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">│ │ │ │ │<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">│ │ │ │ │<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">│ │ │ │ └───── day of week (0 - 7) (0 or 7 are Sunday, or use names)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">│ │ │ └────────── month (1 - 12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">│ │ └─────────────── day of month (1 - 31)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">│ └──────────────────── hour (0 - 23)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 10pt;">└───────────────────────── min (0 - 59)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I use the --exclude flag to keep from backing up unnecessary directories. Note: you must add an --exclude for each directory you choose to exclude from the backup<o:p></o:p></div>
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For the daily backup:<o:p></o:p></div>
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00 23 * * * rsync -av --delete --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/proc --exclude=/dev --exclude=/sys --exclude=/tmp --exclude=/media / /mnt/Backups/server_backups/daily<o:p></o:p><br />
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For the Weekly backup:<o:p></o:p></div>
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00 3 * * 7 rysnc -av --delete /mnt/Backups/server_backups/daily /mnt/Backups/server_backups/weekly<o:p></o:p><br />
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For the Monthly backup:<o:p></o:p></div>
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00 6 1 * * rysnc tar -cvjf /mnt/Backups/server_backups/monthly/monthly_$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.bz2 /mnt/Backups/server_backups/daily<o:p></o:p><br />
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The monthly backup is compressed with bzip and created with the date so that the file will not be overwritten when the next monthly backup runs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">25 Configuring Automysqlbackup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. Install AutoMySQLBackup:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: lime; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">apt-get install automysqlbackup<span style="color: lime;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Configure AutoMySQLBackup:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">nano /etc/default/automysqlbackup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>3. See the configuration below:</ins></span> the only thing I change in this file is the backup directory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">I set it to /mnt/Backups/mysql_backups which is the directory I created earlier when setting up my server backups<span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>[...]</ins></span></span><br />
# Host name (or IP address) of MySQL server e.g localhost<br />
#For remote database, fill the domain or ip address<br />
DBHOST=localhost<br />
[...]<br />
# List of DBNAMES for Daily/Weekly Backup e.g. “DB1 DB2 DB3″<br />
# The following is a quick hack that will find the names of the databases by<br />
# reading the mysql folder content. Feel free to replace by something else.<br />
#DBNAMES=”db_ispconfig web1 web2 web3″<br />
DBNAMES=`find /var/lib/mysql -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d | cut -d’/’ -f5 | grep -v ^mysql\$ | tr \\\r\\\n ,\ `<br />
[...]<br />
# Backup directory location e.g /</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">backups<span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span># Folders inside this one will be created (daily, weekly, etc.), and the<br />
# subfolders will be database names.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">BACKUPDIR=”/</span><br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">mnt/Backups/mysql_backups</span><span class="msoIns"><ins><span style="background-color: yellow;">”</span></ins></span>#BACKUPDIR=”/path/to/backup/folder/”<br />
[...]<br />
# Email Address to send mail to? (user@domain.com)<br />
MAILADDR=”user@domain.com”<br />
[...]<br />
4. Run AutoMySQLBackup:<span style="color: lime;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>4. Run AutoMySQLBackup:</ins></span></span><br />
automysqlbackup<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>5. Open the backup folder (</ins></span>/mnt/Backups/mysql_backups<span class="msoIns"><ins>)<o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>ls -l /</ins></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">mnt/Backups/mysql_backups<span style="color: lime;"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="msoIns"><ins>6. You will see the backup files.</ins></span> It will create directories for daily/weekly/monthly automatically<span class="msoIns"><ins><br /></ins></span></span><br />
7. Add it to cron to run it automatically.</div>
crontab –e 00 22 * * * automysqlbackup save and exit<span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span><div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">26 Nic Bonding with ifenslave<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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This setup is assuming you have two network cards installed in your system. If you don’t you can skip this section.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Bonding is a method of grouping or aggregating Ethernet interfaces to provide higher throughput and/or fault tolerance. To use bonding in Linux, you’ll need to install the ‘ifenslave’ package. In Ubuntu you’d run:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">sudo apt-get install ifenslave<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">With the package installed, you can being creating your bond interface. In the following example, two NICs are aggregated and as a bonus, we create virtual interface for an additional IP address:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">auto eth0<br />iface eth0 inet manual<br />bond-master bond0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">auto eth1<br />iface eth1 inet manual<br />bond-master bond0<br />auto bond0<br />iface bond0 inet static<br />mtu 9000<br />address 192.168.0.1<br />netmask 255.255.255.0<br />network 192.168.0.0<br />broadcast 192.168.0.255<br />gateway 192.168.0.254<br />dns-nameservers 192.168.0.254<br />bond-miimon 50<br />bond-mode balance-rr<br />bond-slaves none<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">auto bond0:1<br />iface bond0:1 inet static<br />address 192.168.0.2<br />netmask 255.255.255.0<br />network 192.168.0.0<br />broadcast 192.168.0.255<br />gateway 192.168.0.254<br />dns-nameservers 192.168.0.254<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Youcan can also set a high MTU if your NIC supports it. Linux bonding supports seven modes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 0 (balance-rr)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 1 (active-backup)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 2 (balance-xor)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 3 (broadcast)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 4 (802.3ad)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 5 (balance-tlb)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mode 6 (balance-alb)</span><span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c2b2b; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9pt;">Some modes require configuration on the switch as well, particularly for Mode 4. Modes 0 and 1 should provide fault tolerance and load balancing to suit most applications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">27 Installing webmin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Webmin is a web-based interface for system administration for Unix. Using any modern </span><a href="http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-webmin-on-ubuntu-12-04-precise-server.html"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #95181c; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9pt; padding: 0in;">web browser</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #d90d19; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 9pt; padding: 0in; text-decoration: initial;"><img alt="http://images.intellitxt.com/ast/adTypes/icon1.png" border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:/Users/Glenn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.png" v:shapes="itxthook0icon" width="10" /></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">, you can setup user accounts, Apache, DNS, file sharing and much more. Webmin removes the need to manually edit Unix configuration files like /etc/passwd, and lets you manage a system from the console or remotely.</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; padding: 0in;">Preparing your system</span></b><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Open the terminal and run the following command<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">sudo apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Now you need to dpwnload webmin deb package using the following command<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/webadmin/files/webmin/1.610/webmin_1.610_all.deb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Install downloaded package using the following command<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">sudo dpkg -i webmin_1.610_all.deb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">This will install webmin now you need to access https://ubuntu-serverip:10000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nK5MPWpf33M/UQZ_buo7dqI/AAAAAAAAAHA/qcC2iRzuBLo/s1600/15+(1).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nK5MPWpf33M/UQZ_buo7dqI/AAAAAAAAAHA/qcC2iRzuBLo/s400/15+(1).png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ubuntu in particular don't allow logins by the root user by default. However, the user created at system installation time can use sudo to switch to root. Webmin will allow any user who has this sudo capability to login with full root privileges.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Once you logged in you should see similar to the following screen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.kartook.com/2010/09/automysqlbackup-regularly-backup-your-mysql/"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.kartook.com/2010/09/automysqlbackup-regularly-backup-your-mysql/</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.howtoforge.com/perfect-server-ubuntu-12.04-lts-apache2-bind-dovecot-ispconfig-3-p2"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.howtoforge.com/perfect-server-ubuntu-12.04-lts-apache2-bind-dovecot-ispconfig-3-p2</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-install-roundcube-0.7-for-ispconfig-3-on-debian-squeeze"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-install-roundcube-0.7-for-ispconfig-3-on-debian-squeeze</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.thefanclub.co.za/how-to/how-secure-ubuntu-1204-lts-server-part-1-basics"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.thefanclub.co.za/how-to/how-secure-ubuntu-1204-lts-server-part-1-basics</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.thefanclub.co.za/how-to/how-install-apache2-modsecurity-and-modevasive-ubuntu-1204-lts-server"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.thefanclub.co.za/how-to/how-install-apache2-modsecurity-and-modevasive-ubuntu-1204-lts-server</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.marksanborn.net/howto/use-rsync-for-daily-weekly-and-full-monthly-backups/"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.marksanborn.net/howto/use-rsync-for-daily-weekly-and-full-monthly-backups/</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-webmin-on-ubuntu-12-04-precise-server.html"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-webmin-on-ubuntu-12-04-precise-server.html</span></i></a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Glenn Weberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17370210984530512865noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3588090832968200074.post-34541475916246167162013-01-10T19:46:00.001-05:002013-01-10T19:46:58.863-05:00Shell Script Creating a Talking Alarm Clock on Ubuntu<span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b>A Beginners Shell Scripting tutorial</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">This tutorial was an idea to put a talking alarm clock together using shell script in Ubuntu. It plays mp3, Uses festival as a text to speech engine. It reads time correctly, and weather based off of weather station near you. It pulls weather info via weather-util from </span><a href="http://weather.noaa.gov/" style="background-color: #f7f6f5; color: #444444; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" target="_blank">http://weather.noaa.gov/</a><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> and then just choose your location for ID. Also Gradually increases volume. Uses two files alarm1 in home directory, and wakeup-volume in /usr/local/bin</span><br />
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I developed this as a fun project that would help anyone to learn some simple shell scripting.<br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">code for Alarm #</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">#!/bin/bash</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep 3</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">PLAYER=/usr/bin/mplayer</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">SONG="$HOME/alarms/alarm.mp3"</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">killall wakeup-volume</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">/usr/local/bin/wakeup-volume&</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">$PLAYER -loop 1 "$SONG"</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep 5</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">echo "Good Morning, I hope you slept good and I hope you have a great day" | festival --tts</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">echo "The time is $HR $MIN" | festival --tts</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># Created by Glenn Weber <bngweber@gmail.com></span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># This script is released under the GPL v 2 as is. </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># I accept no liability if you choose to use it. </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># If you choose to improve my script, and make </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># your changes public, you must do the following: </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># 1. include my comments. </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># 2. identify yourself, </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># 3. note your changes under these comments. </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># 4. provide contact information </span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># Set up a variable to hold the current minute</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># of the hour using the date command:</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">MIN=$(date +"%M")</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># And another to hold the current Hour:</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">HR=$(date +"%l")</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># Use a case statement to change the minute</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># number to the equivalent word, but make the</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># zero minute "o'clock". Handle all sixty minutes</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># of the hour so this works correctly for any time.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">case $MIN in</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"00") MIN="o'clock";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"01") MIN="Oh - one";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"02") MIN="Oh - two";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"03") MIN="Oh - three";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"04") MIN="Oh - four";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"05") MIN="Oh - five";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"06") MIN="Oh - six";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"07") MIN="Oh - seven";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"08") MIN="Oh - eight";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"09") MIN="Oh - nine";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"10") MIN="ten";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"11") MIN="eleven";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"12") MIN="twelve";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"13") MIN="thirteen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"14") MIN="fourteen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"15") MIN="fifteen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"16") MIN="sixteen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"17") MIN="seventeen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"18") MIN="eighteen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"19") MIN="nineteen";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"20") MIN="twenty";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"21") MIN="twenty one";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"22") MIN="twenty two";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"23") MIN="twenty three";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"24") MIN="twenty four";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"25") MIN="twenty five";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"26") MIN="twenty six";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"27") MIN="twenty seven";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"28") MIN="twenty eight";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"29") MIN="twenty nine";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"30") MIN="thirty";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"31") MIN="thirty one";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"32") MIN="thirty two";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"33") MIN="thirty three";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"34") MIN="thirty four";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"35") MIN="thirty five";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"36") MIN="thirty six";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"37") MIN="thirty seven";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"38") MIN="thirty eight";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"39") MIN="thirty nine";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"40") MIN="forty";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"41") MIN="forty one";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"42") MIN="forty two";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"43") MIN="forty three";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"44") MIN="forty four";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"45") MIN="forty five";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"46") MIN="forty six";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"47") MIN="forty seven";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"48") MIN="forty eight";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"49") MIN="forty nine";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"50") MIN="fifty";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"51") MIN="fifty one";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"52") MIN="fifty two";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"53") MIN="fifty three";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"54") MIN="fifty four";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"55") MIN="fifty five";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"56") MIN="fifty six";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"57") MIN="fifty seven";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"58") MIN="fifty eight";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"59") MIN="fifty nine";;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">*) echo "error with minute $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">esac</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># Use another case statement to do the following:</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># Use the echo command to assemble the output</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># text for the current time statement, change the</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># number for the current hour to the equivalent</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"># word, and pipe the result to festival.</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">case $HR in</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 1") echo $INTRO "one, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 2") echo $INTRO "two, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 3") echo $INTRO "three, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 4") echo $INTRO "four, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 5") echo $INTRO "five, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 6") echo $INTRO "six, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 7") echo $INTRO "seven, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 8") echo $INTRO "eight, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">" 9") echo $INTRO "nine, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"10") echo $INTRO "ten, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"11") echo $INTRO "eleven, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">"12") echo $INTRO "twelve, $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">*) echo "error with hour $HR and minute $MIN" | festival --tts;;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">esac</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep 1</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">echo "The current temperature is " | festival --tts</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">weather-util -i KUZA | grep Temperature | cut -c16-19 | festival --tts;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">echo "degrees outside and" | festival --tts</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">weather-util -i KUZA | grep Sky | cut -c19-35 | festival --tts;</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep 2</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">echo "why don't you enjoy some more music" | festival --tts</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep 5</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">PLAYER=/usr/bin/mplayer</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">SONG="$HOME/alarms/alarm2.mp3"</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">killall wakeup-volume</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">/usr/local/bin/wakeup-volume&</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">$PLAYER -loop 1 "$SONG"</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep 3</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">exit</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">code for wakeup-volume #</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">#!/bin/bash</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">for ((i = 35; i <= 100; i++)) do</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">/usr/bin/amixer sset Master playback $i%</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">sleep .5</span><br style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: #f7f6f5; font-family: Ubuntu, Ubuntu, 'Ubuntu Beta', UbuntuBeta, 'Bitstream Vera Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue Light', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">done</span>Glenn Weberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17370210984530512865noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3588090832968200074.post-86918960572732390882011-10-27T20:55:00.003-04:002011-11-08T00:50:11.001-05:00Installing Freeradius on Ubuntu 11.10 server for 802.1x wireless authentication<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A Practical Approach to Freeradius Installation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">By Glenn Weber<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This setup is for a home users or small organizations with limited funds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For home networks it is overkill, but for those interested in experimenting with freeradius under Ubuntu server this is a perfect how-to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In my many explorations, attempts and failures regarding Freeradius, I have finally compiled enough information to help others that wish to experiment with wireless authentication. The idea, motivation and determination that I had for putting this tutorial together was due to the lack of accurate information available regarding this topic. My intention is to give a detailed process of the installation for both System Administrators and for anyone that has a desire to learn more complicated procedures. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This setup will require very little configuration for the administrator. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will also cover how to create the self-signed certificates that contain the XP extensions that are required for use with Windows operating systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although this tutorial is based on installing Ubuntu in Virtual box, the same method can be used to implement these steps on a dedicated machine. The procedures used will work with all Windows versions that support 802.1x wireless authentication.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For many of you, this will cover some elementary subjects, but I wanted to include them so that less experienced users could also understand this tutorial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conventions used in this tutorial:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Commands that need to be entered at the command line will be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bold and italicized</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Text that needs to be entered into files will be in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">red</span></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Clickable menu items will be <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">highlighted</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">File names will be in <span style="color: #00b050;">green</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Virtual-box Installation and setup<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If not already installed download and install Virtual box from <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Download the newest version of Ubuntu server and save it to your desktop. Be sure to download the 32bit version.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/download"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/download</span></a><o:p></o:p></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now that Virtual-box is installed you will need to create a new machine to hold your Ubuntu server.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Open Virtual-box and <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">click new</span>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Name your new machine, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">example</i> Ubuntu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">OS Type should be set to Linux and the version should be Ubuntu then <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">click next</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Set the amount of RAM you would like to allow the guest machine to use. Note that this will take from your available RAM on your host machine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The amount of RAM depends solely on your overall memory. For my setup I set it at 512MB. That should be adequate for most setups.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-no-proof: yes;">Click Next 3 times</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Set the amount of harddrive you would like to give the Ubuntu server. For my setup I used 20GB, but again this depends on how much room you have available on your machine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-no-proof: yes;">Click Next and then click create 2 times</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Make sure that the new machine is listed and highlighted. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-no-proof: yes;">Click the settings menu, and then click on storage</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You need to add a IDE controller by clicking on the green plus sign at the top of the Storage tree window.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will be prompted to choose a disk. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Click choose disk</span> and browse to the Ubuntu ISO that you have saved on your desktop.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-no-proof: yes;">Next select Network</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> and for Network adapter change <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Attached To: drop down</span> item to Bridged Adapter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-no-proof: yes;">Click ok</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> and you are ready to start the machine and begin the Ubuntu Server Installation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
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</div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Installing Ubuntu Server<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Start the machine and you will begin Ubuntu server installation. I chose to install LAMP, Openssh server, and Samba server during the install to make things easier on me later.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The installation is self-explanatory, but if you have questions there are many sites that explain how to install Ubuntu Server. If you still have questions feel free to email me.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Openssh and Remote Login<o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Once you have installed the server and it has restarted you will login. From here I usually like to start by setting up ssh so I can access the server from my laptop, again this is probably for more experienced users. It is simple to get working so don’t panic if it is your first time. Login and then type the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">There are only two things we will need to change in this file, they are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">PermitRootLogin yes </span></b>needs to be changed <span style="color: red;">to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PermitRootLogin no</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">And at the end of the file add a line that says:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">AllowUsers</span></b><span style="color: red;"> username </span>(Note: The username should be the same as your login.) Then hit Ctrl+x, then y and then press enter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Restart ssh by typing the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">/etc/init.d/ssh restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Setting a Static IP<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a good idea to set the server with a static IP address. This prevents you from having issues with the server IP continually changing. You can do this by entering the following command: <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano /etc/network/interfaces<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Change the file to read as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The primary network interface<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">auto eth0<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iface eth0 inet static<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">address 192.168.1.100</span></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>(or whatever IP address you want to set corresponding with your network IP range)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">netmask 255.255.255.0<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">broadcast 192.168.1.255<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">gateway 192.168.1.1<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hit Ctrl+x then y and then press enter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Restart the server and login.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Once logged in enter the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ifconfig </i></b>(you should now see that you are using the assigned static IP address)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I also like to create a root password so I can log into the root account instead of having to type <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sudo</i></b> in front of my commands.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Create a root password by typing the command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">sudo passwd <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enter the new root password twice and you are good to go, next login to the root account by typing the command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">su –<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enter the root password<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Using Putty for remote login<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You can use putty to access the ssh server from your laptop. You can get putty.exe from<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><a href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;">http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Download Putty.exe and save it on the Desktop of your laptop.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Double click the Putty.exe icon</span> to start Putty.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In the Host Name (or IP Address) block type the IP address for your Ubuntu server and then click open.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You will have to login with your regular Ubuntu user and then login to the root account.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You now are connected to the server and can administrate it remotely. The only time you will have to manage the server on the computer you installed it on is when you have to restart the server or if you have a misconfiguration problem.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Freeradius Installation and Configuration<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">At this point I am assuming that you are logged onto the server using putty on your laptop. The first thing you will need to do now is to install Freeradius. You can do this by entering the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">apt-get install freeradius –y<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Testing FreeRadius with radtest<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I would open a second putty terminal and login to the server for this step as it makes it easier.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">After opening another putty terminal, you will need to add a user to the <span style="color: #00b050;">users</span> file.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Run the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano /etc/freeradius/users<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">At the end of the users file add the following line:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">testuser<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cleartext-Password := “whatever”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Save and close the file by hitting Ctrl+x, then y and then press enter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">On one of the putty terminals type the following command to start Freeradius in debug mode.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">freeradius –X<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Go back to the other putty terminal and type the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">radtest {username} {password} 127.0.0.1 1812 testing123</i></b> (Do not use the curly braces just enter the username and password that you included in the users file).<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If everything went well you should see Access-Accept. If it is Access-Reject then there is a problem. You will need to check the other terminal and read the debug log. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Creating the correct Certificates<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When the installation completes you will switch to the directory that holds the files needed for certificate creation. Type the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cd /usr/share/doc/freeradius/examples/certs<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Next you need to open the <span style="color: #00b050;">README</span> file by entering the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cat README<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The readme file will walk you through the complete process of creating the required certificates, just follow the instructions. There is however a few exceptions. You will need to create two files in the current working directory; <span style="color: #00b050;">serial</span> and <span style="color: #00b050;">index.txt</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Be sure to create these two files before creating the certificates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You can create each file by entering the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano serial<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Inside of the serial file enter 01 and then hit Ctrl + X, then y and then press enter<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Next create the <span style="color: #00b050;">index.txt </span>file by entering the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano index.txt<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For <span style="color: #00b050;">index.txt </span>before closing file be sure to hit Ctrl +o to writeout the file.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">After you have successfully created certificates you will need to copy three files to the /etc/freeradius/certs directory. They are <span style="color: #00b050;">ca.pem</span>, <span style="color: #00b050;">server.key</span>, and <span style="color: #00b050;">server.pem</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You can copy the files by entering the following command while still in the following directory<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">/usr/ share/doc/freeradius/examples/certs <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cp ca.pem server.key server.pem /etc/freeradius/certs<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With all of that in place (hopefully you’re still with me). You only have a few more things to configure before you will have a working system. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Modifying the Freeradius Configuration<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You will need to edit <span style="color: #00b050;">eap.conf</span>. To do so enter the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cd /etc/freeradius<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano eap.conf<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Under the eap{<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>} section you need to change <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">default_eap_type = md5 </span></b>to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">default_eap_type = peap</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Under the tls {<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>} section you need to change <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">private_key_password = (whatever) </span></b>to <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">private_key_password </span></b><span style="color: red;">= </span>(whatever you set as your certificate key password when you created your certificates) You don’t need to put the parentheses around your password.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Under the peap {<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>} section you need to verify that it says <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">default_eap_type = mschapv2</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">After you have made those changes to eap.conf hit Ctrl+x then y then press enter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Next you need to edit <span style="color: #00b050;">clients.conf </span>by entering the following command: <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano clients.conf<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Go to the end of the file and add the following lines:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">client 192.168.1.1/16 { </span></b>(this is IP address of your router)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">secret<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= AnyThingYou Want<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b>(Don’t use spaces or special characters. You will have to add this secret as shared secret in your router a little further ahead.)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">shortname<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= linksys </span></b>(this is the ssid of your router)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">}<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Save the <span style="color: #00b050;">clients.conf </span>file the same way as you have the others.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now you need to edit the users file by entering the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano users<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Go to the end of the file and add a user as:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Joesmoe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cleartext-Password: =”whatever” </span></b>(Be sure to enclose the password inside of double quotes)<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Save and exit the users file the same way as before.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">That is all the configuration changes needed for Freeradius.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Setting up Samba to Share files with Windows<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The next step is setting up your samba share so that you can easily transfer the <span style="color: #00b050;">ca.der </span>file to your Windows machine.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enter the following commands:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cd /etc/samba<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano smb.conf<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Add the following lines to the end of the file.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">[share]<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">comment = Share Directory<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">path = /home/someuser/share<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">browseable = yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">writeable = yes<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Save and exit the <span style="color: #00b050;">smb.conf </span>file the same way as you have saved the other files.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Next you need to edit the <span style="color: #00b050;">smbusers</span> file by issuing the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">nano smbusers <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Inside of the <span style="color: #00b050;">smbusers</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>file enter <span style="color: red;">someuser = “someuser”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Save and exit the file the same way as before<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now you need to create the share folder by entering the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">mkdir /home/someuser/share<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You need to restart the samba server to activate the changes by issuing the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">/etc/init.d/smbd restart<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Next you need to move the <span style="color: #00b050;">ca.der </span>file into the share folder so that you can transfer it to your Windows laptop and install it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enter the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cd /usr/ share/doc/freeradius/examples/certs <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Then enter the command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">cp ca.der /home/someuser/share<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Installing the CA in Windows<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">At this point you can open Windows Explorer and then network and you should see the share folder you created. Double click the folder and you should see the <span style="color: #00b050;">ca.der </span>file.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Double click the <span style="color: #00b050;">ca.der</span></span><span style="color: #00b050;"> </span>file and it will open up a certificate window, <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">click install certificate</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The certificate import wizard will open, <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">click next <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">then check place all certificates in the following store</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Click browse and then select <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Trusted Root Certification Authorities</i>, click ok</span> and then it will tell you that the certificate has been installed successfully.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Router Configuration<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Next you need to configure your router to work with wpa2-enterprise.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Open your browser and enter 192.168.1.1 or whatever the IP address is for your router. Log into it and go to wireless, then wireless security.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Change your security mode to wpa2-enterprise. In radius server input the IP address for your Linux server, the port is 1812, and shared secret is the secret that you input into your clients.conf file. Save your settings. This completes the configuration for your router. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Choosing the correct Network Connection Setting<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The final step is to configure your wireless connection to work with the radius server.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Click on your network connection applet</span> on your taskbar and <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">then right click <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the wireless connection for your network</i>, select <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">properties</i>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Make sure security type is set to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wpa2-enterprise</i>, encryption type is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">AES.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Under choose a network authentication method <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">select <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microsoft: Protected EAP (PEAP)</i>, click settings</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Place a check in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Validate server certificate </i>and a check in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Connect to these servers</i></span>. Enter the IP address for your Linux server. <span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">In the Trusted Root Certification Authorities select the CA that you installed</span>.( Mine is My_CA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Under <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Select Authentication Method</i> make sure <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Secured password (EAP-MSCHAP v2)</i> is selected, click configure</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Uncheck <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Automatically use my Windows logon name and password (and domain if any)</i> and then click ok.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">Click ok again, on the wireless network properties screen click <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">advanced settings</i>, put a check in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Specify authentication mode</i> and in the drop down menu select <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">user authentication</i> then click ok.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Testing Freeradius<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now go back to putty and run the following command:<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">freeradius –X<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It will start your radius server in debug mode. If there are any problems it will tell you what they are. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hopefully if you have followed the directions and I haven’t left anything out, there shouldn’t be any issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">At this point you should be prompted for a username and password on your Windows laptop. Enter the username and password that you put into your users file. If everything is running correctly you will connect and your debug screen should give you a access-accept notification.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong>Final Thoughts</strong></span></o:p></div><span style="font-family: Calibri;">These are the steps that I used to get this working on my system. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of the information regarding the installation and configuration of Freeradius is outdated or is not suited for Ubuntu. I know for some of you this may seem trivial. As an avid Linux user I wanted to provide and make available some useful information for aspiring network admins and Linux users.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Good luck and hope you enjoyed this tutorial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If I missed something or you come up with errors at the end let me know and I will do my best to help you resolve any issues you may have.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;">Be Sure to check back in. My next installment will cover integrating MySQL into this setup.</span></strong> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Leave comments about this article.</span></div><br />
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</div>Glenn Weberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17370210984530512865noreply@blogger.com10